The impact of two mouse models is reviewed, the Four Core Genotypes and XY* models.
The models are useful for determining if the causes of sex differences in phenotypes are …

Sexually dimorphic behaviors, qualitative or quantitative differences in behaviors between
the sexes, result from the activity of a sexually differentiated nervous system. Sensory cues …

Human genomes are 99.9 percent identical—with one prominent exception. Instead of a
matching pair of X chromosomes, men carry a single X, coupled with a tiny chromosome …

Mood disorders are devastating, often chronic illnesses characterized by low mood, poor
affect, and anhedonia. Notably, mood disorders are approximately twice as prevalent in …

This paper is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of founding of the journal
Hormones and Behavior, the official journal of the Society for Behavioral …

Historically, it was thought that the number of X chromosomes plays little role in causing sex
differences in traits. Recently, selected mouse models have been used increasingly to …

Males and females can respond differentially to the same environmental stimuli and
experimental conditions. Chronic sleep loss is a frequent and growing problem in many …

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous man-made endocrine disrupting compound (EDC).
Developmental exposure to BPA changes behavioral and reproductive phenotypes, and …

Background The “four core genotypes”(FCG) mouse model has emerged as a major model
testing if sex differences in phenotypes are caused by sex chromosome complement (XX vs …

This article is part of a Special Issue" Hormones & Neurotrauma". Stroke is the third leading
cause of death and the primary cause of disability in the developed world. Experimental and …