TGF-β1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation,
migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse …

Introduction 3. Stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells 4. Mesenchymal stem cell lineages
4.1. Myogenic lineage 4.2. Adipogenic lineage 4.3. Chondrogenic lineage 4.4. Osteogenic …

We propose a mathematical model explaining the interactions between osteoblasts and
osteoclasts, two cell types specialized in the maintenance of the bone integrity. Bone is a …

Src/Yes tyrosine kinase signaling contributes to the regulation of bone homeostasis and
inhibits osteoblast activity. Here we show that the endogenous Yes‐associated protein …

The vitamin D endocrine system is critical for the proper development and maintenance of
mineral ion homeostasis and skeletal integrity. Beyond these classical roles, recent …

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol in red grapes and berries, can act as a
phytoestrogen. It has been shown to improve both systemic and cerebral circulatory …

Circulating 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25D) derives from renal conversion of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D), by the 25D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Blood 25D levels, but not …

Calcium balance is essential for a multitude of physiological processes, ranging from cell
signaling to maintenance of bone health. Adequate intestinal absorption of calcium is a …

Antiosteoporotic medications are often used to concurrently treat a patient's fragility fractures
and underlying osteoporosis. This review evaluates the existing literature from animal and …

Despite its rigid structure, the bone is a dynamic organ, and is highly regulated by endocrine
factors. One of the major bone regulatory hormones is vitamin D. Its renal metabolite 1α, 25 …