The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The …

Background: The emergence of the Omicron variant (B. 1.1. 529), which correlated with
dramatic losses in cross-neutralization capacity of post-vaccination sera, raised concerns …

Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that can infect many
mammal and avian species. The Spike (S) protein of coronaviruses binds to a receptor on …

SARS-CoV-2 has adapted in a stepwise manner, with multiple beneficial mutations
accumulating in a rapid succession at origins of VOCs, and the reasons for this are unclear …

SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly evolving pathogen that has caused a global pandemic
characterized by several consecutive waves. Based on epidemiological and NGS data …

From the perspectives of molecular biology, genetics and biothermodynamics, SARS-CoV-2
is the among the best characterized viruses. Research on SARS-CoV-2 has shed a new …

In viral evolution, a new mutation has to proliferate within the host (Stage I) in order to be
transmitted and then compete in the host population (Stage II). We now analyze the intrahost …

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has progressed into a global pandemic. To date …

Coronaviruses have increasingly become the causal agent of epidemics in humans as well
as in domesticated animals (Perlman and McIntosh, 2020; Wu et al., 2021). Since the …

Aims: The origin and evolution of biodiversity is one of the most important scientific
questions in the field of life sciences. The accumulation of multi-omics data and the …