Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

This article proposes a heuristic framework for the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment that
incorporates key functional domains derived from the neurocircuitry of addiction. We review …

Distinct model-free and model-based learning processes are thought to drive both typical
and dysfunctional behaviours. Data from two-stage decision tasks have seemingly shown …

Translating advances in neuroscience into benefits for patients with mental illness presents
enormous challenges because it involves both the most complex organ, the brain, and its …

Behavioral control is not unitary. It comprises parallel systems, model based and model free,
that respectively generate flexible and habitual behaviors. Model-based decisions use …

Background Addiction is supposedly characterized by a shift from goal-directed to habitual
decision making, thus facilitating automatic drug intake. The two-step task allows …

Compulsivity is a core feature of addictive disorders, including gambling disorder. However,
it is unclear to what extent this compulsive behavior in gambling disorder is associated with …

The recently developed 'two-step'behavioural task promises to differentiate model-based
from model-free reinforcement learning, while generating neurophysiologically-friendly …

In this brief review, we describe current computational models of drug-use and addiction that
fall into 2 broad categories: mathematically based models that rely on computational …

Highlights•Insensitivity to devaluation could be due to habits or weak goal-directed
control.•Limited direct evidence for habits as a function of behavioral repetition in …