In medicine, there is growing evidence that gender differences are important and lead to
variations in the pathophysiology and treatment of many diseases with traits that appear to …

Summary Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to result from the autoimmune
destruction of insulin-producing β cells. This concept has been a central tenet for decades of …

The current classification of diabetes, based on hyperglycaemia, islet-directed antibodies
and some insufficiently defined clinical features, does not reflect differences in aetiological …

Impaired beta‐cell function is a recognized cornerstone of diabetes pathophysiology.
Estimates of insulin secretory capacity are useful to inform clinical practice, helping to …

Despite major advances over the past decade, prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM) remain suboptimal, with large and unexplained variations in individual …

The historical subclassification of diabetes into predominantly types 1 and 2 is well
appreciated to inadequately capture the heterogeneity seen in patient presentations …

Diabetes is a highly heterogeneous condition; yet, it is diagnosed by measuring a single
blood-borne metabolite, glucose, irrespective of aetiology. Although pragmatically helpful …

This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet—including its structure, cell composition,
development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key …

Understanding metabolic heterogeneity is the key to uncovering the underlying mechanisms
of metabolic-related diseases. Current metabolic imaging studies suffer from limitations …

Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is highly polygenic and influenced by multiple biological
pathways. Rapid expansion in the number of type 2 diabetes loci can be leveraged to …