Large language models (LLMs) have gained much attention in the recommendation
community; some studies have observed that LLMs, fine-tuned by the cross-entropy loss …

To mitigate the problem of having to traverse over the full vocabulary in the softmax
normalization of a neural language model, sampling-based training criteria are proposed …

The field of statistical language modeling and machine translation has seen rapid
developments in recent years, with artificial neural networks taking center of the stage …