IgG4 is the least abundant subclass of IgG in human serum and has unique functional
features. IgG4 is largely unable to activate antibody-dependent immune effector responses …

Allergen immunotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of allergic children. The clinical
efficiency relies on a well‐defined immunologic mechanism promoting regulatory T cells and …

Histamine and its receptors (H1R–H4R) play a crucial and significant role in the
development of various allergic diseases. Mast cells are multifunctional bone marrow …

Thirty years ago, one of the first types of CD4+ T regulatory cells was discovered and named
T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells. Tr1 cells represent a distinct population of T cells, which are …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

Allergy is a major public health problem with a high socio‐economic impact. The number of
allergic patients is expected to reach to four billion within two decades when the World's …

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has been used for more than 100 years as a
desensitizing therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases and represents a potentially …

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are based on distinct mechanisms and are clinically
heterogeneous. Taking into account that also off‐target activities of drugs may lead to …

Substantial progress in understanding mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma,
autoimmune diseases, tumors, organ transplantation and chronic infections has led to a …

BACKGROUND: IL-10–producing regulatory B cells suppress immune responses, and lack
of these cells leads to exacerbated symptoms in mouse models of chronic inflammation …