Oxygen is a natural acceptor of electrons in the respiratory pathway of aerobic organisms
and in many other biochemical reactions. Aerobic metabolism is always associated with the …

Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks,
made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are …

The effects of short-term salt stress on gas exchange and the regulation of photosynthetic
electron transport were examined in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and its salt-tolerant …

Besides major photosynthetic complexes of oxygenic photosynthesis, new electron carriers
have been identified in thylakoid membranes of higher plant chloroplasts. These minor …

Cold temperatures restrict plant growth, geographical extension of plant species, and
agricultural practices. This review deals with cold stress above freezing temperatures often …

The composition of the photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants is dynamically adjusted to
long-term changes in environmental conditions such as growth light intensity and light …

To assess the roles of the cyclic electron flow around PSI (CEF-PSI) and O2-dependent
alternative pathways including the water–water cycle in fluctuating light, we grew the wild …

In the light, photosynthetic cells can potentially suffer from oxidative damage derived from
reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, a variety of oxygenic photoautotrophs, including …

Plastids have retained from their cyanobacterial ancestor a fragment of the respiratory
electron chain comprising an NADPH dehydrogenase and a diiron oxidase, which sustain …

In this review, we consider a selection of recent advances in chloroplast biology. These
include new findings concerning chloroplast evolution, such as the identification of …