Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by
hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign …

The role of redox molecules, such as NO and ROS, as key mediators of immunity has
recently garnered renewed interest and appreciation. To regulate immune responses, these …

During the past two decades, nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as one of the most
versatile players in the immune system. It is involved in the pathogenesis and control of …

The mosquito gut represents an ecosystem that accommodates a complex, intimately
associated microbiome. It is increasingly clear that the gut microbiome influences a wide …

The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral and cellular defense
responses. Humoral defenses include antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate …

The concept of innate immunity refers to the first-line host defense that serves to limit
infection in the early hours after exposure to microorganisms. Recent data have highlighted …

Malaria parasite transmission depends on the successful transition of Plasmodium through
discrete developmental stages in the lumen of the mosquito midgut. Like the human …

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the obligate intracellular
Apicomplexa phylum the most deadly of which, Plasmodium falciparum, prevails in Africa …

Insects transmit the causative agents for such debilitating diseases as malaria, lymphatic
filariases, sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, river blindness, Dengue, and …

Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality
throughout the world. Efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in …