Liver failure affects brain function, leading to neurological and psychiatric alterations; such
alterations are referred to as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Early diagnosis of minimal HE …

The age of an experimental animal can be a critical variable, yet age matters are often
overlooked within neuroscience. Many studies make use of young animals, without …

Abstract Objectives of the International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen
Metabolism Commission were to identify well‐characterized animal models of hepatic …

Glutamate fulfils many vital functions both at a peripheral level and in the central nervous
system (CNS). However, hyperammonemia and hepatic failure induce alterations in …

Synaptic plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system has been the subject of intense
investigation for the past four decades. Long-term potentiation (LTP), a major reflection of …

Background Patients with liver cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) show
mild cognitive impairment and spatial learning dysfunction. Hyperammonemia acts …

This review addresses the ammonia fatigue theory in light of new evidence from exercise
and disease studies and aims to provide a view of the role of ammonia during exercise …

Ammonia is a major neurotoxin implicated in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Here we discuss
evidence that many aspects of ammonia toxicity in HE-affected brain are mediated by …

Background There are no specific treatments for the neurological alterations of cirrhotic
patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Rats with MHE due to portacaval …

Inflammation contributes to cognitive impairment in patients with hepatic encephalopathy
(HE). However, the process by which peripheral inflammation results in cognitive impairment …