Substitute materials are used to modify the properties and characteristics of concrete, for
example, to increase strength and improve performance (workability) in concrete. Waste …

Mortar that is more environmentally friendly (green mortar) is defined as concrete that at
least uses waste material as one of its components or that does not cause environmental …

This study examined the enhancement of foam concrete by using hooked, plain, and
corrugated PLA+ fibers that were made with a 3D printer. The PLA+ fibers were added into …

Petroleum asphalt, also known as Asbuton, can be substituted with natural asphalt sourced
from Buton Island. This natural asphalt, known as Asphalt Buton (Asbuton), is abundant in …

Many minerals, including quartz sand, granite, and feldspar, contain silica (SiO 2), a
substance that performs the same function as quartz. Silicate (SiO 2), the primary mineral …

The recycling of plastics is a crucial element of efforts to reduce the environmental impact of
plastic waste. While thermoplastic plastics can be reshaped and recycled, thermoset plastics …

Plastic waste plagues both land and aquatic environments. The surface layer refers to the
road pavement layer that comes into direct contact with a vehicle's wheel surface. The …

Rice straw waste, among other issues, is a significant source of air pollution and methane
emissions from biological decomposition. This study examines the use of Rice Straw Ash …

Indonesia is among the nations with a comparatively high risk of earthquakes. Concrete is
one of the most commonly utilized building materials. By mixing foam liquid, also known as a …

This research is part of an effort to advance the use of Buton rock asphalt (EBBRA)—an
asphalt emulsion derived from extracted bitumen—as a binder. EBBRA, or extraction …