The advent of user-friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant
surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the …

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As we enter the age of designer matter—where objects can morph and change shape on
command—what tools do we need to create shape-shifting structures? At the heart of an …

How cell wall elasticity, plasticity, and time‐dependent extension (creep) relate to one
another, to plant cell wall structure and to cell growth remain unsettled topics. To examine …

Background Turgor pressure is an essential feature of plants; however, whereas its
physiological importance is unequivocally recognized, its relevance to development is often …

Flower morphology results from the interaction of an established genetic program, the
influence of external forces induced by pollination systems, and physical forces acting …

Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and
function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the …

Plant cell growth depends on a delicate balance between an inner drive—the hydrostatic
pressure known as turgor—and an outer restraint—the polymeric wall that surrounds a cell …

The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple
biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up …

Plant morphogenesis requires coordinated cytoplasmic growth, oriented cell wall extension,
and cell cycle progression, but it is debated which of these processes are primary drivers for …