Extreme space weather events, while rare, can have a substantial impact on our
technologically-dependent society. And, although such events have only occasionally been …

Space Weather is the portion of space physics that has a direct effect on humankind. Space
Weather is an old branch of space physics that originates back to 1808 with the publication …

Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth's magnetic poles, but the global
impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited …

Black swan events are hard-to-predict rare events that can significantly alter the course of
our lives. The Internet has played a key role in helping us deal with the coronavirus …

The Wind spacecraft, launched on November 1, 1994, is a critical element in NASA's
Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO)—a fleet of spacecraft created to understand the …

This review, offered for the first time in the Russian scientific literature, is devoted to various
aspects of the problem of the space weather impact on ground-based technological …

Abstract On 6 September 2017, an X‐class flare of the magnitude 9.3 occurred around noon
UT, being the strongest flare event in a decade. The flare itself was the highlight of a quite …

The European Union funded the FLARECAST project, that ran from January 2015 until
February 2018. FLARECAST had a research-to-operations (R2O) focus, and accordingly …

Abstract Space weather phenomena have been studied in detail in the peer‐reviewed
scientific literature. However, there has arguably been scant analysis of the potential …

The occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) poses serious threats to modern
technological infrastructure. Large GICs result from sharp variations of the geomagnetic field …