The retina, the part of the eye, translates the light signal into an electric current that can be
sent to the brain as visual information. To achieve this, the retina requires fine-tuned …

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of
diabetes mellitus, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Mitochondria are energy …

The growing global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), along with its associated
complications, continues to rise. When clinically detected most DM complications are …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act through multiple pathways to induce apoptosis of retinal
capillary pericytes, which is an early marker and the primary cause of the progression of …

Chronic elevation of blood glucose at first causes relatively minor changes to the neural and
vascular components of the retina. As the duration of hyperglycemia persists, the nature and …

The vasculature system is composed of a multiplicity of juxtaposed cells to generate a
functional biological barrier between the blood and tissues. On the luminal surface of blood …

Metformin hydrochloride, an antihyperglycemic agent, and sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti‐
inflammatory drug, are FDA‐approved drugs known to exert anticancer effects. Previous …

Background: Diabetes is known to cause delayed wound healing, and chronic non-healing
lower extremity ulcers may end with lower limb amputations and mortalities. Given the …

Oxidative stress and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) damage induced by hyperglycemia are the
principal processes involved in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). CXC …

Objective: Metabolic changes have been extensively documented in neurodegenerative
brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in …