Background and Purpose—This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on various
established and potential stroke risk factors and provides recommendations for the reduction …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of the most considerable
mortality globally, and it has been tried to find the molecular mechanisms and design new …

There is mounting evidence to support the influence of inflammation in the pathogenesis of
atrial fibrillation (AF). Indeed, AF is associated with increased levels of known inflammatory …

Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is one of the
major mediators of vascular remodeling in hypertension. Besides being a potent vasoactive …

Background and Purpose—The simplistic view of atherosclerosis as a disorder of
pathological lipid deposition has been redefined by the more complex concept of an …

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases within the metzincin protein family
that not only cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, but also process the non-ECM …

The morbidity caused by diabetes has traditionally been classified into macro-and
microvascular complications. Although macrovascular complications have received greater …

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, yet more
men die from atherosclerosis than women, and at a younger age. Women, on the other …

The metalloproteinases (MMPs, matrixins) are zinc-containing endopeptidases involved in
the metabolism of extracellular matrix as well as in the cleavage of other proteins. The MMP …

Recently oxidative stress has been proposed as the cause of hypertension. An imbalance in
superoxide and nitric oxide production may account for reduced vasodilation, which in turn …