Flexibly selecting appropriate actions in response to complex, ever-changing environments
requires both cortical and subcortical regions, which are typically described as participating …

Escape is one of the most studied animal behaviors, and there is a rich normative theory that
links threat properties to evasive actions and their timing. The behavioral principles of …

This article proposes that biologically plausible theories of behavior can be constructed by
following a method of “phylogenetic refinement,” whereby they are progressively elaborated …

Bacterial adaptive immunity uses CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats)–associated (Cas) proteins together with CRISPR transcripts for foreign DNA …

The ability of animals to respond to life-threatening stimuli is essential for survival. Although
vision provides one of the major sensory inputs for detecting threats across animal species …

The fear responses to environmental threats play a fundamental role in survival. Little is
known about the neural circuits specifically processing threat-relevant sensory information in …

Animals respond to environmental threats, eg looming visual stimuli, with innate defensive
behaviors such as escape and freezing. The key neural circuits that participate in the …

The superior colliculus (SC) plays a highly conserved role in visual processing and
mediates visual orienting behaviors across species, including both overt motor orienting [1 …

The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain area where visual, auditory and somatosensory
information are integrated to initiate motor commands. The SC plays a central role in visual …

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that may follow the experience of trauma,
has multiple symptomatic phenotypes. Generally, individuals with PTSD display symptoms …