Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for
teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

An important aspect of geometric morphometrics, since its beginnings, has been the
visualization of shape changes. A range of methods has been developed with advances in …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Morphological traits have long been a focus of evolutionary developmental biology ('evo-
devo'), but new methods for quantifying shape variation are opening unprecedented …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of
morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated …

Pérez-Losada, M., JT Hoeg, and KA Crandall. 2004. Unravelling the evolutionary radiation
of the Thoracian barnacles using molecular and morphological evidence: A comparison of …

We compare and contrast the genetic architecture of quantitative phenotypes in two
genetically well-characterized model organisms, the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and …