Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that
involves demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although substantial progress has been …

Astrocytes are crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the injured
central nervous system. Depending on timing and context, astrocyte activity may exacerbate …

The role traditionally assigned to astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS)
lesions has been the formation of the glial scar once inflammation has subsided. Astrocytes …

The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the
nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain's …

Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of
multiple sclerosis (MS). Following phosphorylation in vivo, the active agent, fingolimod …

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that is critically involved in the
embryonic development of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In the adult, S1P …

Fingolimod (Gilenya) received regulatory approval from the US FDA in 2010 as the first-in-
class sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) modulator and was the first oral …

Remyelination, which occurs subsequent to demyelination, contributes to functional
recovery and is mediated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that have …

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) and the most common non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults …

Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) are among the main causes of inflammatory
and neurodegenerative injury of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adult patients …