Changes in the intestinal microbiome have been associated with obesity and type 2
diabetes, in epidemiological studies and studies of the effects of fecal transfer in germ-free …

The gut microbiota is a crucial actor in human physiology. Many of these effects are
mediated by metabolites that are either produced by the microbes or derived from the …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

Normal eating behaviour is coordinated by the tightly regulated balance between intestinal
and extra-intestinal homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. By contrast, food addiction is a …

BACKGROUND The essential amino acid tryptophan is a substrate for the generation of
several bioactive compounds with important physiological roles. Only a small fraction of …

Objective Tryptophan can be catabolised to various metabolites through host kynurenine
and microbial indole pathways. We aimed to examine relationships of host and microbial …

Aberrant amino acid metabolism is a common event in obesity. Particularly, subjects with
obesity are characterized by the excessive plasma kynurenine (Kyn). However, the primary …

Tryptophan (TRP), an essential amino acid in mammals, is involved in several physiological
processes including neuronal function, immunity, and gut homeostasis. In humans, TRP is …

The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway (Trp–KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion
in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …