Studies on international relations increasingly focus on actors at the sub-state level. The
terms para-diplomacy or proto-diplomacy are used to describe international activities of state …

Paradiplomacy is the practice of international relations carried out by sub-state actors in a
country. Along with the development of international relations practices, sub-state actors …

The involvement of subnational actors in EU politics has become an increasingly recognized
facet of European integration. However, this highlights an interesting puzzle: subnational …

This article explores the conditions under which local and regional governments will
establish and sustain cross-border co-operation in the fields of police, fire fighting and …

One of the features of local-level Europeanization has been the emergence of transnational
networking (TN) undertaken by subnational authorities (SNAs). This activity, which received …

When the Chinese government proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2015, Hong
Kong was positioned as a “super-connector” responsible for bridging the mainland and …

This research will attempt to elaborate the possibility of establishing sister-city cooperation
between Cilacap District in Indonesia and Mueang Chonburi District in Thailand. The …

The article discusses paradiplomatic activities of Moravia-Silesia in Czechia. The region,
former seat of heavy industry, has hugely benefitted from the EU membership, which has …

Com o adensamento da globalização e da interdependência, entes subfederados como
estados, províncias e municípios, buscam sua inserção internacional para buscar …

The phenomenon of paradiplomacy, broadly referring to external activities of sub-state
governments and embracing to a lesser or greater extent the elements defining foreign …