As the only cells definitively shown to degrade bone, osteoclasts are key mediators of
skeletal diseases including osteoporosis. Bone-forming osteoblasts, and hematopoietic and …

Cells in osteoclast and osteoblast lineages communicate with each other through cell–cell
contact, diffusible paracrine factors and cell–bone matrix interaction. Osteoclast–osteoblast …

Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from
phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A …

Abstract IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and oncostatin M (OSM) are IL-6-type
cytokines that stimulate osteoclast formation and function. In the present study, the resorptive …

Binuclear metallohydrolases are a structurally diverse group of enzymes that use binuclear
metal ion centers to catalyze the hydrolysis of amides and esters of carboxylic and …

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) is an enzyme that is expressed in high
amounts by bone-resorbing osteoclasts, inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells. Two …

Staphylococci, in particular Staphylococcus aureus, are the predominant cause of bone
infections worldwide. These infections are painful, debilitating and with the rise in antibiotic …

Many chronic pain conditions show sex differences in their epidemiology. This could be
attributed to sex-dependent differential expression of genes (DEGs) involved in nociceptive …

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide range of
phosphomonoester and amide substrates. These enzymes have been identified and …

The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases (TRAPs) are a class of metalloenzymes that
catalyze the hydrolysis of various phosphate esters and anhydrides under acidic reaction …