Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that
continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance …

Sepsis is a leading cause of death in intensive care units and survivors develop prolonged
immunosuppression and a high incidence of recurrent infections. No definitive therapy exists …

Immunosuppression is increasingly being recognized as one of the causes of increased
morbidity and mortality during sepsis. Both innate and adaptive immune system dysfunction …

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host
responses to infection (Third International Consensus definition for Sepsis and septic …

Immunocompromised populations are highly vulnerable to developing life-threatening
infections. Strategies to protect patients with weak immune responses are urgently needed …

Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been
characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that …

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes largely recognized for their
importance in tumour surveillance and the host response to viral infections. However, as the …

Critically ill, severely injured and high-risk surgical patients are vulnerable to secondary
infections during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Studies show that the …

Granulocyte‑colony‑stimulating factor (G‑CSF) is a member of the hematopoietic growth
factor family that primarily affects the neutrophil lineage. G‑CSF serves as a powerful …

Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a clinically used TLR4 agonist that has been found to
drive nonspecific resistance to infection for up to 2 wk. However, the molecular mechanisms …