Leading biological hypotheses propose that biological changes may underlie major
depressive disorder onset and relapse/recurrence. Here, we investigate if there is …

Introduction: Cortisol effects on the brain are exerted through two distinct receptors, inducing
complex and even opposite effects on the cerebral structures implicated in the various …

Volumetric reductions in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are among
the most well-documented neural abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Controversy exists over the role of stress and depression in the pathophysiology of type 2
diabetes mellitus. Depression has been shown to increase the risk for progressive insulin …

The accumulating knowledge of the host-microbiota interplay gives rise to the microbiota-gut-
brain (MGB) axis. The MGB axis depicts the interkingdom communication between the gut …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly disabling and typically runs a recurrent course.
Knowledge about prevention of relapse and recurrence is crucial to the long-term welfare of …

Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However,
exercise also activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increases levels of the …

There is increasing evidence of prodromal manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a
variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's …

Depression is currently treated by pharmacotherapies that can elicit debilitating side effects
for patients. Novel treatment options with limited side effects are currently being researched …

Depression is among the leading causes of decreased disability-adjusted life years in the
world1 and a serious public health problem. 2 Older adults with DM experience greater risk …