This article reviews the latest developments in our understanding of the origin, development,
and evolution of nymphalid butterfly eyespots. Recent contributions to this field include …

Butterfly eyespots represent novel complex traits that display substantial diversity in number
and size within and across species. Correlative gene expression studies have implicated a …

Eyespot patterns of nymphalid butterflies are an example of a novel trait yet, the
developmental origin of eyespots is still not well understood. Several genes have been …

Background Animals often display phenotypic plasticity in morphologies and behaviors that
result in distinct adaptations to fluctuating seasonal environments. The butterfly Bicyclus …

In insects, forewings and hindwings usually have different shapes, sizes, and color patterns.
A variety of RNAi experiments across insect species have shown that the hox gene …

Insect gene function has mainly been studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
because in this species many techniques and resources are available for gene knock down …

With the exception of a few moth and butterfly species, gene-editing tools in Lepidoptera
have been lagging behind other well-studied insects. In order to elucidate gene function …

Abstract Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most destructive
agricultural pests in Asia. Traditional pest‐management methods include sex pheromone …

Changes in the control of developmental gene expression patterns have been implicated in
the evolution of animal morphology. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying complex …

Hox genes modify serial homology patterns in many organisms, exemplified in vertebrates
by modification of the axial skeleton and in arthropods by diversification of the body …