Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of
dietary fibre in the gastrointestinal tract, are speculated to have a key role in microbiota–gut …

Melatonin is an immune modulator that displays both pro‐and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Proinflammatory actions, which are well documented by many studies in isolated cells or …

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The
production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates the communication between the periphery and the
central nervous system (CNS). Recently, CNS insulin resistance has been elucidated to play …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with
devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature …

Blood microcirculation supplies neurons with oxygen and nutrients, and contributes to
clearing their neurotoxic waste, through a dense capillary network connected to larger tree …

Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread chronic neurodegenerative
disorder, leading to cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and agnosia, as well as mental …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a gradually rising metabolic disease which is currently affecting
millions of people worldwide. Diabetes is associated with various complications like …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive decline.
Despite worldwide efforts to find a cure, no proper treatment has been developed yet, and …

Aberrant insulin signaling constitutes an early change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin
receptors (IR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) are expressed …