Propolis is a complex natural product that possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory,
immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties mainly attributed to the high …

Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major
cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from …

Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells,
such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes …

The incidence of allergic diseases and their complications are increasing worldwide. Today,
people increasingly use natural products, which has been termed a “return to nature” …

Fungi are abundant in the environment, causing our lungs to be constantly exposed to a
diverse range of species. While the majority of these are cleared effectively in healthy …

Allergic diseases are a global health burden with increasing prevalence. Side effects of
available medications (antihistamines and steroids), lack of patients' perceived effectiveness …

Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be
exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens. The contribution of fungal allergens to …

Propolis is a resinous beehive product that is collected by the bees from plant resin and
exudates, to protect and maintain hive homeostasis. Propolis has been used by humans …

Aspergillus fumigatus spores initiate more than 3,000,000 chronic and 300,000 invasive
diseases annually, worldwide. Depending on the immune status of the host, inhalation of …

Chitosan (CHI) has antimicrobial and anticancer characteristics in addition to being
biodegradable and biocompatible as a polymer. It has recently attracted a lot of attention as …