Reward and punishment change the payoff structures of social interactions and therefore
can potentially play a role in promoting prosocial behavior. Yet, there are boundary …

Responding to wrongdoing is a core feature of our social lives. Indeed, a central assumption
of modern institutional justice systems is that transgressors should be punished. In this …

Moralistic punishment can confer reputation benefits by signaling trustworthiness to
observers. However, why do people punish even when nobody is watching? We argue that …

Adults and older children are more likely to punish a wrongdoer for a moral transgression
when the victim belongs to their group. Building on these results, in violation-of-expectation …

Researchers argue that third parties help sustain human cooperation, yet how they
contribute remains unclear, especially in small-scale, politically decentralized societies …

People often display ingroup bias in punishment, punishing outgroup members more
harshly than ingroup members. However, the impact of group membership may be less …

Humans' evolutionary success has depended in part on their willingness to punish, at
personal cost, bad actors who have not harmed them directly—a behavior known as costly …

Cooperative societies rely on reward and punishment for norm enforcement. We examined
the developmental origin of these interventions in the context of distributive fairness: past …

Although third-party punishment helps sustain group cooperation, might victim
compensation provide third parties with superior reputational benefits? Across 24 studies …

第三方惩罚一般是指当违反社会规范的行为与自身利益无关时, 个体牺牲自我利益来惩罚违规者
的行为. 最近的研究发现, 对于个体而言, 第三方惩罚是一种具有适应性的信号 …