Tumulto (“mobbing”) é um tipo de comportamento antipredatório executado por uma ou
mais (potenciais) presas e direcionado a um ou mais (potenciais) predadores, podendo ser …

Ornithologists have extensively studied nest predation because predators are responsible
for most nest failures (Ricklefs 1969, Martin 1995, Newton 1998). Factors correlated with …

Stimuli such as visual representations of raptors, snakes, or humans are generally assumed
to be universally fear-inducing in birds and considered as a product of evolutionary …

Figure 1. The colubrid snake Philodryas olfersii mobbed by the mockingbird Mimus
saturninus in South-eastern Brazil. A) The snake lying in ambush (s) is detected by a …

Mobbing is well documented in birds–particularly in songbirds (Passeriformes)–as a
predator deterrent behaviour that also communicates the presence of predators to others …

Birds mostly mob avian or mammalian predators, but harass snakes as well. The mobbed
snakes are potential or actual bird predators, but records of birds mobbing vipers are rare. I …

Figure 1. A1) Silver-beaked tanager (Ramphocelus carbo) female; A2) Thick-billed
Euphonia (Euphonia laniirostris) male; A3) Barred antshrike Male (Thamnophilus doliatus) …

ABSTRACT The Channel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos vitellinus) is an omnivorous bird that
eventually is nest-robbers. Several birdsongs display anti-predatory strategies such as …

El tucán de Ariel (Ramphastos vitellinus ariel) es un ave omnívora que eventualmente es
ladrona de nidos. Varias aves paseriformes muestran estrategias anti-depredatorias, tales …

FIG 1.(a) Female Rufous-tailed Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl) confronting an Oxytenis
modestia caterpillar near its nest and (b) attacking it by biting an eyespot. Panel b shows …