2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Electrolytic hydrogen produced from wind and solar energy is considered a long-term option
for multi-sectoral decarbonization. The study objective is to develop a framework for …

Cold regions, including high-latitude and high-altitude landscapes, are experiencing
profound environmental changes driven by global warming. With the advance of earth …

A consistent dataset of lake surface water temperature, ice cover, water-leaving reflectance,
water level and extent is presented. The collection constitutes the Lakes Essential Climate …

Arctic sea ice has shifted from a perennial (older, thicker ice) to a seasonal (younger,
thinner) ice regime, leading to the increasingly common belief that shipping through …

Accurate snowfall measurements are necessary for meteorology, hydrology, and climate
research. Typical uses include creating and calibrating gridded precipitation products, the …

Accelerating warming and associated loss of sea ice are expected to promote the expansion
of coastal marine forests (macrophytes) along the massive Arctic coastlines. Yet, this region …

Climate change is transforming marine ecosystems through the expansion and contraction
of species' ranges. Sea ice loss and warming temperatures are expected to expand habitat …

Shifts in winter temperature and precipitation patterns can profoundly affect snow
accumulation and melt regimes. These shifts have varying impacts on local to large-scale …

Arctic-boreal regions are experiencing major anthropogenic disturbances in addition to
intensifying natural disturbance regimes as a consequence of climate change. Oil and …