Wound healing requires cooperation between different cell types, among which
macrophages play a central role. In particular, inflammatory macrophages are engaged in …

Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating
becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient …

A growing body of evidence indicates that, over the course of evolution of the immune
system, arginine has been selected as a node for the regulation of immune responses. An …

Type 2 immunity mediates protective responses to helminths and pathological responses to
allergens, but it also has broad roles in the maintenance of tissue integrity, including wound …

The healing of cutaneous wounds is dependent on the progression through distinct, yet
overlapping phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and …

Macrophages play a major role in the immune system, both as antimicrobial effector cells
and as immunoregulatory cells, which induce, suppress or modulate adaptive immune …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

The purpose of immunology is simple. Cure or prevent disease. M1/M2 is useful because it
is simple. M1/M2 describes the two major and opposing activities of macrophages. M1 …

Macrophages are abundant in almost all tissues of all multicellular organisms, estimated to
total 10 10 cells in adult humans. Macrophage function is essential for health, as strikingly …

M1 and M2 macrophage-type responses kill or repair in vivo. The unique ability of
macrophages to make these polar opposite type of responses provides primary host …