The concept of 'cognitive reserve', and a broader theory of 'brain reserve', were originally
proposed to help explain epidemiological data indicating that individuals who engaged in …

Since the 1950s, researchers have examined how differences in the social and asocial
environment affect learning in rats, mice, and, more recently, a variety of other species …

Our previous work has shown that male Sprague–Dawley rats reared in social isolation,
standard housing and environmental enrichment differ in their spontaneous open-field …

Mice exposed to standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE) were transplanted with murine
or human glioma cells and differences in tumour development were evaluated. We report …

Environmental enrichment is a powerful way to stimulate brain and behavioral plasticity.
However the required exposure duration to reach such changes has not been substantially …

Environmental enrichment for animals is a combination of complex inanimate and social
stimulation and generally consists of housing conditions that facilitate enhanced sensory …

Background: Moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly being understood
as a progressive disorder, with growing evidence of reduced brain volume and white matter …

Animal welfare requires the adequate housing of animals to ensure health and well-being.
The application of environmental enrichment is a way to improve the well-being of laboratory …

Environmental enrichment is known to induce plastic changes in the brain, including
morphological changes in hippocampal neurons, with increases in synaptic and spine …

Organisms must regulate their behavior flexibly in the face of environmental challenges.
Failure can lead to a host of maladaptive behavioral traits associated with a range of …