The complexity of tobacco smoke leads to some confusion about the mechanisms by which
it causes lung cancer. Among the multiple components of tobacco smoke, 20 carcinogens …

The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though
exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic …

There is a strong need for science-based risk assessment that utilizes known data from
diverse sources to arrive at accurate assessments of human health risk. Such assessments …

DNA damage plays a major role in various pathophysiological conditions including
carcinogenesis, aging, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative …

How mitochondria process DNA damage and whether a change in the steady-state level of
mitochondrial DNA damage (mtDNA) contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction are questions …

There are concerns about the health effects of formaldehyde exposure, including
carcinogenicity, in light of elevated indoor air levels in new homes and occupational …

Since 2009, the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) has had the authority to regulate
the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products in order to reduce the …

The “totality” of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous
and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only …

Epidemiological studies have identified chronic alcohol consumption as a significant risk
factor for cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx …

Tobacco smoke contains a variety of genotoxic carcinogens that form adducts with DNA and
protein in the tissues of smokers. Not only are these biochemical events relevant to the …