Treating pain is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine and a key facet of disease
management. The isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in 1804 added an essential …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major
regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that operates via the most abundant inhibitory adenosine A
1 receptors (A 1 Rs) and the less abundant, but widespread, facilitatory A 2A Rs. It is …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory impairment, neurochemically by
accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (namely Aβ1-42) and morphologically by an initial loss of …

Adenosine is a primordial signaling molecule present in every cell of the human body that
mediates its physiological functions by interacting with 4 subtypes of G-protein-coupled …

Chronic pain is a global burden that promotes disability and unnecessary suffering. To date,
efficacious treatment of chronic pain has not been achieved. Thus, new therapeutic targets …

ATP is released in a vesicular manner from nerve terminals mainly at higher stimulation
frequencies. There is a robust expression of ATP (P2) receptors in the brain, but their role is …

Cisplatin is used to combat solid tumors. However, patients treated with cisplatin often
develop cognitive impairments, sensorimotor deficits, and peripheral neuropathy. There is …

Endogenous adenosine is a widely distributed upstream regulator of a broad spectrum of
neurotransmitters, receptors, and signaling pathways that converge to contribute to the …