Neuroplasticity is a natural process occurring in the brain for the entire life. Stroke is the
leading cause of long term disability and a huge medical and financial problem throughout …

The present paper aims at providing an objective narrative review of the existing non-
pharmacological treatments for spasticity. Whereas pharmacologic and conventional …

Background The use of neurorobotic devices may improve gait recovery by entraining
specific brain plasticity mechanisms, which may be a key issue for successful rehabilitation …

Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct
current stimulation (tDCS) are noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques able to …

Recent studies advocated the use of active cycling coupled with functional electrical
stimulation to induce neuroplasticity and enhance functional improvements in stroke adult …

Background Ambulation is an essential aspect of daily living and is often impaired after brain
and spinal cord injuries. Despite the implementation of standard neurorehabilitative care …

Background Balance and gait impairments are major motor deficits in stroke patients that
require intensive neuro-rehabilitation. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation is a …

Background and purpose Impaired upper extremity (UE) motor function is a common
disability after ischemic stroke. Exposure to extremely low frequency and low intensity …

Background Little is known about the optimal timing and neural loci for applying noninvasive
brain stimulation (NIBS) to promote gait and balance recovery after stroke. Objective To …

This narrative review aims to provide an objective view of the noninvasive neuromodulation
(NINM) protocols available for treating spasticity, including repetitive transcranial magnetic …