Highlights•Photosynthetic capacity must be increased to improve yield potential in C 4
crops.•C 4 photosynthesis concentrates CO 2 with complex anatomy and biochemistry.• …

During germination of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, important morphological and
physiological changes take place, including development of organs and tissues and …

Background Little is known about the mechanisms of adaptation of life to the extreme
environmental conditions encountered in polar regions. Here we present the genome …

Changes in human lifestyle and food consumption have resulted in a large increase in the
incidence of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and colon disease, especially in Asia. These …

Posttranslational modifications (PTM s) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity,
increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell …

Ever since the discovery of C4 photosynthesis in the mid-1960s, plant biologists have
envisaged the introduction of the C4 photosynthetic pathway into C3 crops such as rice and …

Background Genetic engineering of microalgae is necessary to produce economically
feasible strains for biofuel production. Current efforts are focused on the manipulation of …

The roles of Asgard archaea in eukaryogenesis and marine biogeochemical cycles are well
studied, yet their contributions in soil ecosystems remain unknown. Of particular interest are …

Although improving photosynthetic efficiency is widely recognized as an underutilized
strategy to increase crop yields, research in this area is strongly biased towards species with …

C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis
in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The …