The negative impacts of pesticides, in particular insecticides, on bees and other pollinators
have never been disputed. Insecticides can directly kill these vital insects, whereas …

There is evidence that in Europe and North America many species of pollinators are in
decline, both in abundance and distribution. Although there is a long list of potential causes …

Abstract The European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is an important pollinator of agricultural
crops. Since 2006, when unexpectedly high colony losses were first reported, articles have …

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are the primary pollinators of major horticultural crops. Over the
last few decades, a substantial decline in honey bees and their colonies have been …

Here we present results of a three-year study to determine the fate of imidacloprid residues
in hive matrices and to assess chronic sublethal effects on whole honey bee colonies fed …

Over the past fifty years, annual honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses have been steadily
increasing worldwide. These losses have occurred in parallel with the global spread of the …

Dysbiosis, defined as unhealthy shifts in bacterial community composition, can lower the
colonization resistance of the gut to intrinsic pathogens. Here, we determined the effect of …

Pesticide exposure is regarded as a contributing factor to the high gross loss rates of
managed colonies of Apis mellifera. Pesticides enter the hive through contaminated nectar …

Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other
beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides …

Deficiency in essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly the long-
chain form of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been linked to health problems in …