Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted
heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are major players in the progression and drug
resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CAFs constitute a diverse cell …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the regulation of the balance between CD8 T cell
immunity vs. tolerance to tumor antigens. Cross-priming, a process which DCs activate CD8 …

BACKGROUND The essential amino acid tryptophan is a substrate for the generation of
several bioactive compounds with important physiological roles. Only a small fraction of …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a small yet critical subset of CD4+ T cells, which have the role
of maintaining immune homeostasis by, for example, regulating self-tolerance, tumor …

Choices have consequences. Immune cells survey and migrate throughout the body and
sometimes take residence in niche environments with distinct communities of cells …

Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the
vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide …

Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer
therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding …

Lymphocytes must adapt to a wide array of environmental stressors as part of their normal
development, during which they undergo a dramatic metabolic remodeling process …