Ischemic stroke is the third cause of death in the developed countries and the main reason
of severe disability. Brain ischemia leads to the production of damage-associated molecular …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death in the young age group and leads to
persisting neurological impairment in many of its victims. It may result in permanent …

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and currently lacks effective therapy enabling long-
term functional recovery. Ischemic brain injury causes local inflammation, which involves …

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. Ischemic stroke is caused by blockage of
blood vessels in the brain leading to tissue death, while intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) …

Microglial activation is an early response to brain ischemia and many other stressors.
Microglia continuously monitor and respond to changes in brain homeostasis and to specific …

Microglia cells are phagocytic sentinels in the CNS and in the retina required for neuronal
homeostasis and innate immune defense. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests …

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world, but the pathogenesis of
ischemic stroke (IS) is not completely clear and treatments are limited. Mounting evidence …

The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage
and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) proteins are multifunctional cytokines whose neural
functions are increasingly recognized. The machinery of TGF-β signaling, including the …

Resident microglia and hematogenous macrophages play crucial roles in the pathogenetic
cascade following cerebral ischemia but may functionally differ regarding neuroprotective …