Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain are frequently co-
morbid conditions in the US veteran population. Although several theories about the cause …

The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Verbal Rating Scale
(VRS), and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) are among the most commonly used …

Abstract The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is an established 10-item measure of
pain self-efficacy that is widely used in clinical and research settings. However, a shorter …

The purpose of this research is to examine consumer motivations to use social networking
sites (SNSs) for three distinct activities:(1) general SNS usage,(2) the joining of a business's …

Background The central sensitization inventory (CSI) comprises 25 items and is commonly
used to measure somatic and emotional symptoms related to central sensitization …

Objective: Current models of chronic pain recognize that psychosocial factors influence pain
and the effects of pain on daily life. The role of such factors has been widely studied on …

Objectives Coping and beliefs are cornerstones to our understanding of adjustment to
chronic pain. This study sought to test the hypothesis that maladaptive pain-related coping …

Pain acceptance is a robust predictor of adjustment to chronic pain; however, the dynamics
of pain acceptance in daily life are largely unexamined. Furthermore, research on pain …

Objective Pain catastrophizing is conceptualized as a negative cognitive–affective response
to anticipated or actual pain and has been associated with important pain‐related outcomes …

Objective Chronic pain is a multidimensional experience associated with psychosocial (eg,
pain-related beliefs and pain coping responses) and spiritual factors. Spirituality is a …