The description of “serum sickness” more than a century ago in humans transfused with
animal sera eventually led to identification of a class of human antibodies directed against …

To bridge the gap between organ demand and supply, xenotransplantation has long been
considered as a realistic option for end-stage organ failure. Early this year this promise …

Background Cell surface carbohydrate antigens play a major role in the rejection of porcine
xenografts. The most important for human recipients are α‐1, 3 Gal (Galactose‐alpha‐1, 3 …

The enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) is responsible for the
synthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid present on the cell surface …

Background Xenoantigens are a major source of concern with regard to the success of
interspecific xenografts. GGTA1 encodes α1, 3-galactosyltransferase, which is essential for …

Abstract About 2–3 million years ago, Alu‐mediated deletion of a critical exon in the CMAH
gene became fixed in the hominin lineage ancestral to humans, possibly through a stepwise …

Xenoantigens cause hyperacute rejection and limit the success of interspecific xenografts.
Therefore, genes involved in xenoantigen biosynthesis, such as GGTA1, CMAH, and …

Our group previously investigated the levels of anti-Gal and anti-nonGal IgM and IgG in a
cohort of 75 healthy humans of various backgrounds, and found some significant differences …

Porcine xenografts lacking swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I are thought to be protected
from human T cell responses. We have previously shown that SLA class I deficiency can be …

Heterologous polyclonal antibodies (pAb) were shown to possess oncolytic properties a
century ago with reported clinical responses. More recent preclinical models confirmed pAb …