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Femtosecond optical measurement techniques have been used to study the primary
photoprocesses in the light-driven transmembrane proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Light …

M. Chanon was born near Roannes (Loire, France) in 1940. He graduated with a Ph. D. in
heterocyclic chemistry with J. Metzger in Marseille (1967). He then entered CNRS where he …

In 1961, two concepts of energy coupling were published, one by Mitchell I and the other by
Williams z, both dealing with the transfer of charges (electrons, H÷, OH-) in biological energy …

Rods and cones are the photoreceptor cells containing the visual pigment proteins that
initiate visual phototransduction following the absorption of a photon. Photon absorption …

In approaching diverse biological phenomena from a somewhat unfamiliar point of view, the
reader will inevitably have a number of questions. Is there really a need for nonequilibrium …

The rate of retinal photoisomerization in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin (wt bR) is compared
with that in a number of mutants in which a positively charged (Arg82), a negatively charged …

The primary processes of the photochemical cycle of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR)
were studied by various experimental techniques with a time resolution of 5× 10-13 s. The …

The conversion of light energy into work is essential to life on earth. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR),
a light-activated proton pump in Archae, has served for many years as a model system for …

The photochemical cycle of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin at room temperature was
initiated by 0.6-ps single pulses at 615 nm. In the spectral region from 410 to 750 nm the …