Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes cancer (Adult T cell
Leukemia, ATL) and a spectrum of inflammatory diseases (mainly HTLV-associated …

Co-evolution of viruses and their hosts has reached a fragile and dynamic equilibrium that
allows viral persistence, replication and transmission. In response, infected hosts have …

ABSTRACT HIV-1 must overcome multiple innate antiviral mechanisms to replicate in CD4+
T lymphocytes and macrophages. Previous studies have demonstrated that the …

HIV-1 Vif recruits host cullin-RING-E3 ubiquitin ligase and CBFβ to degrade the cellular
APOBEC3 antiviral proteins through diverse interactions. Recent evidence has shown that …

HIV-1 Vif hijacks a cellular ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade antiviral APOBEC3 enzymes
and PP2A phosphatase regulators (PPP2R5A–E). APOBEC3 counteraction is essential for …

Accessory proteins are a key feature that distinguishes primate immunodeficiency viruses
such as human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) from other retroviruses. A prime …

Macrophages are the first line of defence against invading pathogens. They play a crucial
role in immunity but also in regeneration and homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity in …

The seminal description of the cellular restriction factor APOBEC3G and its antagonism by
HIV-1 Vif has underpinned two decades of research on the host-virus interaction. We …

Abstract APOBEC3H (A3H) is the most polymorphic member of the APOBEC3 family. Seven
haplotypes (hap I–VII) and four mRNA splicing variants (SV) of A3H have been identified …

Cells derived from mice and other rodents exhibit profound blocks to HIV-1 virion production,
reflecting species-specific incompatibilities between viral Tat and Rev proteins and essential …