Musth is an annual, asynchronous, rut-like phenomenon observed in male elephants. We
examined whether musth is a roving strategy, and whether musth provides a temporary …

We present a detailed study of male associations in the Asian elephant, using 6 years of
data on identified, non-musth males. Adult males spent greater proportions of their time …

We review studies of the social systems of the living elephants—the Asian elephant
(Elephas maximus), African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana), and African forest …

Forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), the smallest and least studied of the three extant
elephant species, predominately inhabit the Guinean and Congolian tropical forests from …

In this body of research, reproductive and adrenal hormones and behavior were used to
evaluate individual and group responses to physiological, social, and environmental …

Socioecological theory attributes variation in social organization of female-bonded species
to differences in within-and between-group competition, shaped by food distribution. Strong …