Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in
a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination …

Establishing how neural function emerges from network properties is a fundamental problem
in neuroscience. Here, to better understand the relationship between the structure and the …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for systems
neuroscience. Here we describe red, single-wavelength GECIs,“RCaMPs,” engineered from …

A major challenge in neuroscience is to reliably activate individual neurons, particularly
those in deeper brain regions. Current optogenetic approaches require invasive surgical …

Linking neural microcircuit function to emergent properties of the mammalian brain requires
fine-scale manipulation and measurement of neural activity during behavior, where each …

Optogenetic approaches promise to revolutionize neuroscience by using light to manipulate
neural activity in genetically or functionally defined neurons with millisecond precision …

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to a broad range of vegetables and
agricultural crops throughout the world. As the natural enemies of nematodes …

In vivo optogenetic strategies have redefined our ability to assay how neural circuits govern
behavior. Although acutely implanted optical fibers have previously been used in such …