Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is a burgeoning global health crisis mainly affecting
economically active young adults, and has high mortality irrespective of HIV status. In some …

Anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells have lately attracted attention as part of the immune
response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, where they counterbalance the protective …

Microaspiration is a common phenomenon in healthy subjects, but its frequency is increased
in chronic inflammatory airway diseases, and its role in inflammatory and immune …

Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human
infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of …

Despite the immune-reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals
remain highly susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) and have an enrichment of oral anaerobes in …

Rationale: Cigarette smoking is linked to important aspects of tuberculosis, such as
susceptibility to infection, disease reactivation, mortality, transmission, and persistent …

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is a key risk factor for both active and latent tuberculosis
(TB). It is associated with delayed diagnosis, more severe disease progression …

Background Smoking is a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease progression.
Tobacco smoking increases susceptibility to TB in a variety of ways, one of which is due to a …

In April 2013, a symposium was organized to highlight different aspects of differentiation and
activation of the monocyte‐macrophage lineage as analyzed on the flow cytometer …

Background There is a strong epidemiological link between smoking and tuberculosis (TB),
but the association is confounded by socioeconomic and other factors. A direct relationship …