The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

An updated global climatology of blanketing sporadic E (Es) is developed from a combined
data set of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and ground‐based …

The S4max data retrieved from the Constellation Observing System for the Meteorology,
Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation (RO) measurements during 2007 to …

Scintillations in the signal-to-noise (SNR) profiles of GNSS radio occultation (RO)
measurements at lower ionospheric altitudes are caused by compact layers of high …

Sporadic E (Es) layers are known for their layered structures with enhanced electron density.
Recently, some scientists have studied the relationship between the occurrence rate and …

The possibility of sporadic E (Es) layer formation in the mid-latitude nighttime lower
thermosphere by horizontal homogeneous and inhomogeneous (vertically changing) winds …

The present study aims to reveal horizontal sporadic E (Es) movements driven by
atmospheric diurnal/semi-diurnal tides using a three-dimensional (3D) ionospheric model …

This study analyzes strong sporadic E layer (Es) formation in Boa Vista (BV, 2.8° N, 60.7° W,
dip: 18°), a low‐latitude region in the Brazilian sector, which occurred far after the onset of a …

This work presents new results about sporadic E-layers (Es layers) using GPS (global
positioning system) radio occultation (RO) measurements obtained from the FORMOSAT …

Sporadic‐E (Es) layers are investigated over five Digisonde stations located inside (Santa
Maria and Cachoeira Paulista), boundary (São Luís), and outside (Millstone Hill and Port …