Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic structurally related to codeine and morphine, consists
of two enantiomers, both of which contribute to analgesic activity via different …

Transmission of pain signals evoked by tissue damage leads to sensitization of the
peripheral and central pain pathways. Pre-emptive analgesia is a treatment that is initiated …

Studies that used a preventive design had a greater likelihood of finding a beneficial effect.
The application of preventive perioperative analgesia (not necessarily preincisional) is …

Neuraxial drugs provide robust pain control, have the potential to improve outcomes, and
are an important component of the perioperative care of children. Opioids or clonidine …

Background: Postoperative pain management in children is often empirical rather than
evidence based. Morphine is the pharmacological treatment most widely used and although …

BACKGROUND: Caudal blockade is a common technique for pediatric postoperative
analgesia. While safe and effective, caudal opioids are associated with troublesome side …

The introduction of local anaesthesia some years after the first public demonstration of
general anaesthesia not surprisingly created less excitement and interest amongst both the …

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent,
veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile …

Background. Tramadol administered epidurally has been demonstrated to decrease
postoperative analgesic requirements. However, its effect on postoperative analgesia after …

Background. This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of three doses of
tramadol, administered caudally with bupivacaine, in providing postoperative pain relief in …