Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many …

Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) have conserved carboxy-terminal MH2 domains but highly
divergent amino-terminal regions when compared with receptor-regulated Smads (R …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in
development and carcinogenesis. The intracellular effectors of TGF-β signalling, the Smad …

TGF-β signaling controls a plethora of cellular responses and figures prominently in animal
development. Recent cellular, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed significant …

Stem cell–based regenerative medicine is a promising approach in tissue reconstruction.
Here we show that proinflammatory T cells inhibit the ability of exogenously added bone …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) exhibit broad spectra of biological activities in various
tissues, including bone, cartilage, blood vessels, heart, kidney, neurons, liver and lung …

Smad proteins transduce signals from transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily
ligands that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death through activation of receptor …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
superfamily, bind to two different serine/threonine kinase receptors, and mediate their …

Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of …