Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a gram-negative intercellular pathogen and category A biothreat
agent. However, despite 15 years of strong government investment and intense research …

Inhalation of ricin toxin (RT) elicits profuse inflammation and cell death within the upper and
lower airways, ultimately culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome. We previously …

Macrophages (MØs) are sentinels of the immune system that use pattern recognition
receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) to detect invading pathogens and immune …

Background Tularemia is a bacterial disease caused by the intracellular bacterium
Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis or Ft). It has been weaponized historically by multiple …

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) remains a considerable threat to public health despite the
availability of antibiotics and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. The lack of mucosal …

Background Tularemia is caused by the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft). It
was weaponized historically due to low infectious aerosol dose, high morbidity, and mortality …

Ricin toxin (RT) is generated in the seeds of Ricinus communis. The highly potent toxin is
comprised of two subunits, RTA and RTB. RT enters cells using RTB before RTA separates …

Targeting of immunogens to be recognized by specific immune cells is a method of adjuvant-
free enhancement of vaccinations. In this work, we have targeted bacteria to complement …

Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast commonly infecting the central nervous
system, refers to as cryptococcal meningitis or cryptococcosis is commonly found in …