Therapeutic vaccines represent a viable option for active immunotherapy of cancers that aim
to treat late stage disease by using a patient's own immune system. The promising results …

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are the most abundant and ubiquitous soluble intracellular
proteins. In single-cell organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates, they perform a multitude of …

A protective mechanism used by cells to adapt to stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is
the induction of members of the glucose-regulated protein (Grp) family. The induction of …

Until recently, heat shock proteins (also known as heat stress proteins) have mostly been
regarded as intracellular molecules that mediate a range of essential housekeeping and …

Heat shock proteins are abundant soluble intracellular proteins, present in all cells.
Members of the heat shock protein family bind peptides including antigenic peptides …

Hyperthermia (HT) is a potent sensitiser for radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) and
has been proven to modulate directly or indirectly cells of the innate and adaptive immune …

Extracellular heat-shock proteins (HSPs) interact with the immune system in a very complex
manner. Many such HSPs exert powerful effects on the immune response, playing both …

Abstract Heat‐shock proteins (HSPs), or stress proteins, are highly conserved and present in
all organisms and in all cells of all organisms. Selected HSPs, also known as chaperones …

BiP (immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding p rotein) is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
orthologue of the Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones and is intricately involved in most …

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted into the extracellular compartment by
exocytosis. Tumor exosomes may be involved in the sampling of antigens to antigen …